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AppleWorks Document | 1990-02-17 | 26KB | 466 lines

O=====|====|====|====|====|====|====|====|====|====|====|====|====|====|====|=== DOS 3.3 COMMANDS APPEND CATALOG EXEC INT MON PR# SAVED BLOAD CHAIN FP LOAD NOMON READ UNLOCKC BRUN CLOSE IN# LOCK OPEN RENAME WRITED BSAVE DELETE INIT MAXFILES POSITION RUN VERIFYO M_____________________________________________________________________________$ __________________________________ APPLESOFT BASIC RESERVED WORDS ABS DEL HCOLOR= LEFT$ ON REM SIN TRACEK AND DIM HGR LEN ONERR RESTORE SPC( USRK ASC DRAW HGR2 LET OR RESUME SPEED= VALL AT END HIMEM: LIST PDL RETURN SQR VLINL ATN EXP HLIN LOAD PEEK RIGHT$ STEP VTABL CALL FLASH HOME LOG PLOT RND STOP WAITM CHR$ FN HPLOT LOMEM: POKE ROT= STORE XPLOTM CLEAR FOR HTAB MID$ POP RUN STR$ XDRAWI COLOR= FRE IF NEW POS SAVE TAB( &I CONT GET IN# NEXT PRINT SCALE= TAN ?B COS GOSUB INPUT NORMAL PR# SCRN( TEXTB DATA GOTO INT NOT READ SGN THEN@ DEF GR INVERSE NOTRACE RECALL SHLOAD TO INTEGER BASIC RESERVED WORDS ABS CON GOTO LET NOTRACE PRINT SGN VTABM AND DEL GR LIST ON PR# STEP XPLOTI ASC DIM HLIN LOAD OR REM TAB( &I AT DSP TAB( MAN PDL RETURN TEXT ?B AUTO END IF MOD PEEK RND THEN@ CALL FOR IN# NEW PLOT RUN TOC CLR FP INPUT NEXT POKE SAVE TRACEB COLOR= GOSUB LEN NOT POP SCRN( VLIN EQUIVALENT INTEGER BASIC COMMANDS INTEGER BASIC APPLESOFT EQUIVALENT CLEAR..........CLR CONT...........CON HTAB...........TAB HOME...........CALL -936 FLASH..........POKE 50,63 INVERSE........POKE 50,127 NORMAL.........POKE 50,255 <>.............#O M_____________________________________________________________________________$ __________________________________ SYMBOLS SYMBOL \/ WHAT IT STANDS FOR ] Applesoft BASIC prompt $ hex number prefixE > Integer BASIC prompt @ octal number prefixH * Monitor prompt ' ASCII character prefixF ! mini-assembler prompt # immediate addressingE ? usual INPUT prompt in a BASIC program () indirect addressingE & ampersand . assembler directive ^ exponentiationO M_____________________________________________________________________________$ __________________________________ SOFT SWITCHES POKE (-16304,0) 49232,0 Graphics POKE (-16303,0) 49233,0 Text POKE (-16302,0) 49234,0 Full Screen Graphics4 POKE (-16301,0) 49235,0 Split Screen Text/Graphics POKE (-16300,0) 49236,0 Page One" POKE (-16299,0) 49237,0 Page Two POKE (-16298,0) 49238,0 Lo-Res POKE (-16297,0) 49239,0 Hi-ResO M_____________________________________________________________________________$ __________________________________ CURSOR CALLS CALL OTHER EQUIV. EXPLANATION -> CALL -1036..............Moves cursor RIGHT. <- CALL -1008..............Moves cursor LEFT, /\ CALL -998...............Moves cursor UP. \/ CALL -922...............Moves cursor DOWN7 \/ CALL -926...CALL -626...Performs a carriage returnC CALL -912...............Scrolls current text screen up one row- CALL -936.....ESC @.....HOMEs the cursorB -> CALL -868.....ESC E.....Clears text line from cursor to rightK I\/ CALL -958.....ESC F.....Clears text from cursor position to bottom of screenO M_____________________________________________________________________________$ __________________________________ HI-RES COLORS LO-RES AND DOUBLE HI-RES COLORS 0 Black 1 4 Black 2 | 0 Black 4 Dark Green 8 Brown 12 Bright GreenI 1 Green 5 Orange | 1 Magenta 5 Grey 1 9 Orange 13 YellowG 2 Violet 6 Blue | 2 Dark Blue 6 Medium Blue 10 Grey 2 14 AquaH 3 White 1 7 White 2 | 3 Violet 7 Light Blue 11 Pink 15 WhiteO M_____________________________________________________________________________$ __________________________________ ONERR ERROR CODES DOS 3.3 ProDOS BASIC 1 Language Not Available 2 Range Error 0 ?Next Without ForE 2 Range Error 3 No Device Connected 16 ?Syntax ErrorM 3 Range Error 4 Write-Protected 22 ?Return Without GosubD 4 Write-Protected 5 End of Data 42 ?Out of DataI 5 End of Data 6 Path Not Found 53 ?Illegal QuantityA 6 File Not Found 8 I/O Error 69 ?OverflowF 7 Volume Mismatch 9 Disk Full 77 ?Out of MemoryJ 8 I/O Error 10 File Locked 90 ?Undef'd StatementF 9 Disk Full 11 Invalid Parameter 107 ?Bad SubscriptF 10 File Locked 12 No Buffers Available 120 ?Redim'd ArrayI 11 Syntax Error 13 File Type Mismatch 133 ?Division by ZeroF 12 No Buffers Available 14 Program Too Large 163 ?Type MismatchH 13 File Type Mismatch 15 Not Direct Command 176 ?String Too LongL 14 Program Too Large 16 Syntax Error 191 ?Formula Too ComplexI 15 Not Direct Command 17 Directory Full 224 ?Undef'd Function@ 18 File Not Open 254 ?ReenterO 19 Duplicate File Name 255 (<Control-C> interrupt)( 20 File Busy1 21 File(s) Still OpenO M_____________________________________________________________________________$ __________________________________ APPLE MAIN MEMORY ALLOCATION CBLOCK OF MEMORY POSITIVE NEGATIVE ADDRESS HEXADECIMAL Zero Page RAM.......................0-255..........................$0000.00FFO System Stack........................256-511........................$0100.02FFO Keyboard Input Buffer...............512-76.........................$0200.02FFO Monitor Variables/Vectors...........768-1023.......................$0300.03FFO Text/Lo-Res Page 1..................1024-2047......................$0400.07FFO Text/Lo-Res Page 2..................2048-3071......................$0800.0BFFO User RAM............................3072-8191......................$0C00.1FFFO Hi-Res Page 1.......................8192-16383...-57344 to -49153..$2000.3FFFO Hi-Res Page 2.......................16384-24575..-49152 to -40961..$4000.5FFFO User RAM............................24576-38400..-40960 to -27137..$6000.95FFO DOS.................................38400-44151..-27136 to -16385..$9600.BFFFO DOS file buffers (Maxfiles = 3)..38400-40191..-27136 to -25345..$9600.9CFFO Main DOS routines................40192-43772..-25344 to -21764..$9D00.AAFCO File Manager.....................43773-47028..-21763 to -18508..$AAFD.B7B4O RWTS.............................47029-44151..-18507 to -16385..$B7B5.BFFFO Input/Output Peripheral Cards.......49152-53247..-16384 to -12289..$C000.CFFFO Built-In I/O.....................49152-49279..-16384 to -16257..$C000.C079O Peripheral Card I/O Slots 0-7....49280-49407..-16256 to -16127..$C080.C0FFO Peripheral Card PROM Slots 1-7...49408-51199..-16128 to -14337..$C100.C7FFO Expansion ROM....................51200-53247..-14336 to -12289..$C800.CFFFO System ROM..........................53248-65535..-12288 to -1......$D000.FFFFO Applesoft ROM....................53248-63487..-12288 to -2049...$D000.F7FFO Monitor ROM......................63488-65535...-2048 to -1......$F800.FFFFO M_____________________________________________________________________________$ __________________________________ APPLE MAIN MEMORY MAP __________________- -1 / 65536 |___ MONITOR ROM ____| $FFFF+ -2048 / 63488 | | $F800% | |% | APPLESOFT ROM |% | |% |__________________|+ -12288 / 53248 | | $D000' |__ EXPANSION ROM ___|+ -14336 / 51200 |CUSTOM PROM SPACE | $C800' | FOR CARDSLOTS 1-7 -16384 / 49152 | | $C000% | |% | |% | |+ -20480 / 45056 | DOS | $B000% | |% | |% | |+ -24576 / 40960 | | $A000% | |9 -27136 / 38400 |------------------| $9600 DEFALUT HIMEM: | | IF DOS IS USED+ -28672 / 36864 | | $9000% | |% | |% | |+ -32768 / 32768 | | $8000% | USER RAM |% | |% | |+ -36864 / 28672 | | $7000% | |% | |% |__________________|+ -40960 / 24576 | | $6000% | |% | |% | HI-RES PAGE 2 |+ -45056 / 20480 | | $5000% | |% | |% |__________________|+ -49152 / 16384 | | $4000% | |% | |% | HI-RES PAGE 1 |+ -53248 / 12288 | | $3000% | |% | |% |__________________|+ -57344 / 8192 | | $2000% | |% | USER RAM |% | |+ 4096 |__________________| $1000- 3072 | TEXT/LO-RES PAGE 2 | $0C00; 2048 | TEXT/LO-RES PAGE 1 | $0800 DEFAULT LOMEM+ 1024 |__________________| $0400+ 0 / \ $0000& / \' /______________________\/ 1024 |__ MONITOR VARIABLES ___| $0400/ 768 |__ KEY. INPUT BUFFER ___| $0300/ 512 |_____ SYSTEM STACK _____| $0200/ 256 |____ ZERO PAGE RAM _____| $0100/ 0 $0000O M_____________________________________________________________________________$ __________________________________ INVALUABLE PROGRAMMING INFORMATION LTo POKE a value (0-65535) into two consecutive bytes, follow this procedure 7 where B1 and B2 are the two bytes and V is the value:: POKE B1,V-INT(V/256)*256: POKE B2,INT(V/256) In order to PEEK two bytes, do this where B1 and B2 are the two bytes:# PEEK(B1)+PEEK(B2)*256 HVariable names may be up to 239 characters long, but only the first two % characters are considered by BASIC.N LTo run the mini-assembler, load Integer BASIC into the language card, enter the monitor, and type F666G.P NTo disable the AUTO function in Integer BASIC, execute a <Control-X> and then enter the MAN command.- To execute a GOTO in immediate mode, enter:! POKE 51,0: GOTO line#, For a better random number generator, use:/ INT(RND(PEEK(78)+PEEK(79)*256)*N+1)( where N is the high number limit.9 To scrunch your program listings, execute a POKE 33,33.2 To obtain the results of MOD in Applesoft BASIC:$ remainder=X-(INT(X/Y)*Y)3 where X and Y are the numbers to be divided.P NTo turn on the Mouse Character set, print a CHR$(27) (which is Esc). To turn J Hoff the alternate set, print CHR$(24). Only for Apple IIc, IIc+, IIgs, or enhanced IIe.? To round a number N digits to the right of the decimal point:! X=INT(X*10^N+.5)/10^N* To print 40-column text screen page one: 10 ? CHR$(4); "PR#1": PRINT CHR$(9); "80N"9 20 FOR H=1024 TO 1104 STEP 40: FOR J=0 TO 896+ 30 FOR K=0 TO 39: A=PEEK(J+K+H)N L 40 A=A+(A<32)*192: A=A+(A<64)*128: A=A+(A<96)*64: A=A+(A<128)*64: A=A+(A<160)*64. 50 ? CHR$(A);: NEXT K: ?: NEXT J,H# 60 ?: ? CHR$(4); "PR#0" To correct a "No Buffers Available" message, set MAXFILES to 3 or less.D To save a program that is in memory while DOS 3.3 or ProDOS isn't:I 1. Enter the monitor 5. Enter the monitor againF 2. Enter 4000<800.3FFFM 6. Enter 800<4000.8000MA 3. Enter Control-C 7. Enter Control-C6 4. Boot a DOS disk 8. LISTM KTo delete program lines greater than 63999, add this line (may be any line number) and GOTO it: N 5000 A=PEEK(121)+PEEK(122)*256: A=A+3: POKE A-2,0: POKE A-1,0: POKE + 175,A-INT(A/256)*256: POKE 176,INT(A/256) In Applesoft BASIC, line numbers range from 0 through and including 63999.J In Integer BASIC, line numbers range from 0 through and including 32767.K IWhen a negative decimal memory address is given, add 65536 to obtain the I Gpositive equivalent. Example: -21503 plus 65536 equals 44033. In the I Gcase that your brain or your calculator does not have a -/+ key, enter F Dthe negative address without the negative sign, subtract 65536, and J Hignore the negative sign given in the answer. Example: 21503 (negative @ address) minus 65536 equals -44033 (ignore the negative sign).N LWhen a positive decimal memory address is given, subtract 65536 to find the A negative equivalent. Example: 49152 minus 65536 equals -16384.N LAnother way to find an equivalent (negative or positive) is to subtract the K Iaddress (if negative, do not enter a negative sign) from 65536. In your C Amind, add a negative sign to the answer if you wanted a negative I Gequivalent. Example: 65536 minus 62436 (positive address) equals 3100 I G(negative equivalent; add a negative sign mentally). Another example: I G65536 minus 3082 (negative address excluding the negative sign) equals 62454 (positive equivalent).P NEight bits equal one byte; Four bytes equal one nibble; One nibble equals one hexadecimal digit.P NMSB is the abbreviation for Most Significant Byte (in $AC01, the MSB is $AC); K ILSB is the abbreviation for Least Significant Byte (in $AC01, the LSB is M_____________________________________________________________________________$ __________________________________O M_____________________________________________________________________________$ __________________________________ MACHINE LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING INFORMATION 6502'S INTERNAL REGISTERS (all take up one byte except PC which uses two bytes) A = accumulator PC = program counter7 X = X index register S = stack pointerO Y = Y index register P = processor status register (see below)O M_____________________________________________________________________________$ __________________________________ STATUS FLAGS MSB LSB N = negative result I = IRQ (Interrupt ReQuest) disable4 V = overflow Z = zero result0 B = BRK instruction = carry/ D = decimal mode C = borrowO M_____________________________________________________________________________$ __________________________________ LOGICAL OPERATORS--BOOLEAN LOGIC AND INCLUSIVE OR EXCLUSIVE OR< 01011001 01101001 01001011; | | ||||| | || ||< 01100101 10111000 00101101< -------- -------- --------< 01000001 11111001 01100110 If both bits are on, If either or both If either bit is on,K the result bit is on. bits are on, the but not if both are on,I result bit is on. the result bit is on. M_____________________________________________________________________________$ __________________________________ INVALUABLE MACHINE LANGUAGE INFORMATION The monitor always uses hexadecimal; Dollar signs are not needed.H To enter the monitor, enter CALL -151; To leave it, enter <Control-C>., To look at one address, type that address.P NTo list more than one address, type the first and last addresses to be looked at separated by a period.I GType a period followed by the last address to be looked at to see more ? addresses starting at the last address printed on the screen.J To look at the content of the next eight addresses, just press <Return>.N LTo enter data into memory, type the first address in the range of addresses I Gto have data put into them, follow it by a colon, and begin typing the data./ To move a block of data in RAM, type this in: addr1<add2.addr3MO M where addr1 is the starting address of the new block location, addr2 is F Dthe starting address of the current location, and addr3 is the last K Iaddress in the current location. Notice the "M" (which stands for Move) at the end of the commands.L JMake sure, when moving a block of code, to change all branching addresses within.E To verify (or compare) two blocks of memory, follow this procedure: addr1<addr2.addr3VP N where addr1 is the starting address of either block, and addr2 and addr3 K Iare the first and last addresses of the other, respectively. Notice the F D"V" (for Verify) at the end of the commands. If the two blocks are J Hexactly alike, the monitor returns to the prompt symbol. If there is a J Hdifference between the two, the monitor prints the address of the first D block, its content, and the content of the differing second block.L JTo disassemble 20 lines of instructions, type the beginning address to be H Fdisassembled followed by an "L" for list. Just entering an "L" again % will disassemble the next 20 lines.K ITo execute a machine language program, type the beginning address of the # program followed by a "G" for Go.P NTo direct output to the printer while in the monitor, type "1 <Control-P>" (1 stands for slot #1).J HImmediate means "put this number in;" absolute means "put the number in $ that's contained in this address."O MThe beginning address of the mini-assembler is 2048 ($800) and the length is 328 ($148) bytes.O MIn order to display the current content of all the internal registers, enter <Control-E>.H FTo change the 6502's internal registers, type <Control-E>, colon, the A register, and then the number to be plugged into that register. M_____________________________________________________________________________$ __________________________________ THE 6502 INSTRUCTION SET ASSEMBLER COMMAND ABBREVIATION3 HEXADECIMAL OPERATION CODE(S) \/ OPERATIONL J69, 65, 75, 6D, 7D, 79, 61, 71 = ADC = ADD memory to the accumulator with carryG E29, 25, 35, 2D, 3D, 39, 21, 31 = AND = logically AND memory with the accumulatorO M 0A, 06, 16, 0E, 1E = ASL = shift memory of the accumulator 1 bit to the left> 90 = BCC = branch on carry clear< 80 = BCS = branch on carry set> F0 = BEQ = branch on result zeroN 24, 2C = BIT = test memory bits with the accumulator? 30 = BMI = branch on result minusB D0 = BNE = branch on result not zero> 10 = BPL = branch on result plus5 00 = BRK = forced breakA 50 = BVC = branch on overflow clear? 70 = BVS = branch on overflow set9 18 = CLC = clear carry flagF D8 = CLD = clear decimal arithmetic modeD 58 = CLI = clear interrupt disable bit< B8 = CLV = clear overflow flagK C9, C5, D5, CD, DD, D9, C1, D1 = CMP = compare memory and the accumulatorF E0, E4, EC = CPX = compare memory and X registerF C0, C4, CC = CPY = compare memory and Y register> C6, D6, CE, DE = DEC = decrement memory by 1B CA = DEX = decrement X register by 1B 88 = DEY = decrement Y register by 1O M49, 45, 55, 4D, 5D, 59, 41, 51 = EOR = logically EXCLUSIVE-OR memory and the accumulator> E6, F6, EE, FE = INC = increment memory by 1B E8 = INX = increment X register by 1B C8 = INY = increment Y register by 1J 4C, 6C = JMP = unconditional jump to new addressM K 20 = JSR = jump to new address and save return addressM A9, A5, B5, AD, BD, B9, A1, B1 = LDA = load the the accumulator with memoryD A2, A6, B6, AE, BE = LDX = load X register with memoryD A0, A4, B4, AC, BC = LDY = load Y register with memoryO M 4A, 46, 56, 4E, 5E = LSR = shift memory or the accumulator 1 bit to right5 EA = NOP = no operationE C09, 05, 15, 0D, 1D, 19, 01, 11 = ORA = logically OR memory and the accumulatorM 48 = PHA = push the accumulator to top of stackM 08 = PHP = push status register to top of stackM 68 = PLA = pull top of stack to the accumulatorM 28 = PLP = pull top of stack to status registerP N 2A, 26, 36, 2E, 3E = ROL = rotate memory or the accumulator 1 bit to leftP N 6A, 66, 76, 6E, 7E = ROR = rotate memory or the accumulator 1 bit to right> 40 = RTI = return from interrupt? 60 = RTS = return from subroutineN LE9, E5, F5, ED, FD, F9, E1, F1 = SBC = subtract memory from the accumulator with borrow7 38 = SEC = set carry flagD F8 = SED = set decimal arithmetic modeC 78 = SEI = set disable interrupt flagH 85, 95, 8D, 9D, 99, 81, 91 = STA = store the accumulator in memoryC 86, 96, 8E = STX = store X register in memoryC 84, 94, 8C = STY = store Y register in memoryO AA = TAX = transfer the accumulator to X registerO A8 = TAY = transfer the accumulator to Y registerM BA = TSX = transfer stack pointer to X registerO 8A = TXA = transfer X register to the accumulatorM 9A = TXS = transfer X register to stack pointerO 98 = TYA = transfer Y register to the accumulator M_____________________________________________________________________________$ __________________________________ HEXADECIMAL/DECIMAL CONVERSION CHART LSD MSD >>M \/ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E FN -------------------------------------------------------------------------N 0 | 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240 1 | 17 33 49 65 81 97 113 129 145 161 177 193 209 225 241 2 | 18 34 50 66 82 98 114 130 146 162 178 194 210 226 242 3 | 19 35 51 67 83 99 115 131 147 163 179 195 211 227 243 4 | 20 36 52 68 84 100 116 132 148 164 180 196 212 228 244 5 | 21 37 53 69 85 101 117 133 149 165 181 197 213 229 245 6 | 22 38 54 70 86 102 118 134 150 166 182 198 214 230 246 7 | 23 39 55 71 87 103 119 135 151 167 183 199 215 231 247 8 | 24 40 56 72 88 104 120 136 152 168 184 200 216 232 248 9 | 25 41 57 73 89 105 121 137 153 169 185 201 217 233 249 A | 26 42 58 74 90 106 122 138 154 170 186 202 218 234 250 B | 27 43 59 75 91 107 123 139 155 171 187 203 219 235 251 C | 28 44 60 76 92 108 124 140 156 172 188 204 220 236 252 D | 29 45 61 77 93 109 125 141 157 173 189 205 221 237 253 E | 30 46 62 78 94 110 126 142 158 174 190 206 222 238 254 F | 31 47 63 79 95 111 127 143 159 175 191 207 223 239 255